brew.ino

#define DEBUG

// ######################### CONSTANTS #########################

// ######################### SETTINGS #########################
// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Heating Element Relay ++++++++++++++++++++++++
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_DEFAULT_WINDOW_SIZE	1000
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN  		24
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_HEAT_PWM_INTEGER 	5
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_HEAT_PWM_FLOAT 	5.0
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_WATTAGE 3000.0					// Minimum = 2000.0
#define HEATING_ELEMENT_AC_FREQUENCY_HZ 50.0

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Temperature ++++++++++++++++++++++++
#define PT100_BASE_INPUT_PIN 							A4
#define PT100_BASE_OUTPUT_PIN 						30
#define PT100_BASE_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS	100
#define PT100_UP_INPUT_PIN 								A5
#define PT100_UP_OUTPUT_PIN 							31
#define PT100_UP_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS		100
#define PT100_DOWN_INPUT_PIN 							A6
#define PT100_DOWN_OUTPUT_PIN 						32
#define PT100_DOWN_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS	100

#define PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX 							1.081
#define PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_VS 										4.87
#define PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE 					606.0
#define PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE 				0.7
#define PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE 	0.0
#define PT100_UP_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX 								1.081
#define PT100_UP_DEFAULT_VS 											4.87
#define PT100_UP_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE 						606.0
#define PT100_UP_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE 					0.7
#define PT100_UP_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE 		0.0
#define PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX 							1.081
#define PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_VS 										4.87
#define PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE 					606.0
#define PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE 				0.7
#define PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE 	0.0

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mixer ++++++++++++++++++++++++
//#define MIXER_PIN 		12
//#define MIXER_MAX_POSITION 	255

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Rotary Encoder ++++++++++++++++++++++++
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_INTERRUPT_NUMBER	1		// On Mega2560 boards, interrupt 1 is on pin 3
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_CLK_PIN		3		// Used for generating interrupts using CLK signal
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_DT_PIN		22		// Used for reading DT signal
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN		23		// Used for the push button switch
#define ROTARY_ENCODER_DEBOUNCE_TIME		10		// Number of miliseconds to ignore new signals a signal is received

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ State Machine ++++++++++++++++++++++++
#define SETTING_WELCOME_TIMEOUT  		100
#define SETTING_MAX_INACTIVITY_TIME  		3000
#define MENU_MAX_DEPTH 				10
#define MENU_INIT_VALUES 			-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
#define MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU		17
#define SETTING_SERIAL_MONITOR_BAUD_RATE	9600
#define SETTING_SERIAL_MONITOR_WELCOME_MESSAGE	"Let's start Brewing!"

// ######################### LIBRARIES #########################
// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ LiquidCrystal_I2C ++++++++++++++++++++++++
#include <Wire.h>
#include <LCD.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

#define LCD_I2C_ADDR			0x27		// <<----- Add your address here.  Find it from I2C Scanner
#define LCD_HORIZONTAL_RESOLUTION   	16
#define LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION   	2
#define LCD_BACKLIGHT_PIN		3
#define LCD_EN_PIN  			2
#define LCD_RW_PIN 		 	1
#define LCD_RS_PIN  			0
#define LCD_D4_PIN  			4
#define LCD_D5_PIN  			5
#define LCD_D6_PIN  			6
#define LCD_D7_PIN  			7

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ PT100 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
#include <PT100.h>

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ ENUM +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
#include "CustomDataStructures.h"

// ######################### VARIABLES #########################
// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ State Machine ++++++++++++++++++++++++
eRotaryEncoderMode      rotaryEncoderMode;
eMainMenuOptions        mainMenuOption;
ePresetsMenuOptions     presetsMenuOption;
eMaltMenuOptions        maltMenuOption;
eSettingsMenuOptions    settingsMenuOption;
eCookingStages          cookingStage;

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Global Variables ++++++++++++++++++++++++
boolean         cooking;
boolean         bStageFirstRun;

int             clockStartTime;
int             clockCounter;
int							clockIgnore;
boolean         clockStart;
boolean         clockEnd;

int             cookTime;
int             cookTemperature;
//cook_mode_list  cookMode;
//int             cookMixerSpeed;
int             cookHeatPWM;

int 						startpointTime;
int 						betaGlucanaseTime;
int 						debranchingTime;
int 						proteolyticTime;
int 						betaAmylaseTime;
int 						alphaAmylaseTime;
int 						mashoutTime;
int 						recirculationTime;
int 						spargeTime;
int 						boilTime;
int 						coolingTime;

int 						startpointTemperature;
int 						betaGlucanaseTemperature;
int 						debranchingTemperature;
int 						proteolyticTemperature;
int 						betaAmylaseTemperature;
int 						alphaAmylaseTemperature;
int 						mashoutTemperature;
int 						recirculationTemperature;
int 						spargeTemperature;
int 						boilTemperature;
int 						coolingTemperature;

//int 						menuSize;
int             menu_position[MENU_MAX_DEPTH] = {MENU_INIT_VALUES};

boolean         refresh;
boolean         repaint;

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Interrupts ++++++++++++++++++++++++
static unsigned long lastInterruptTime;

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Rotary Encoder ++++++++++++++++++++++++
volatile int rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = 0;
volatile int rotaryEncoderMaxPosition = 1;
volatile int rotaryEncoderMinPosition = 0;
volatile int rotaryEncoderSingleStep = 1;
volatile int rotaryEncoderMultiStep = 1;

// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Heating Element Relay ++++++++++++++++++++++++
int iWindowSize;             // Time frame to operate in
unsigned long windowStartTime;
double dWattPerPulse;

// ######################### INITIALIZE #########################
// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Library - LiquidCrystal_I2C ++++++++++++++++++++++++
LiquidCrystal_I2C	lcd(LCD_I2C_ADDR, LCD_EN_PIN, LCD_RW_PIN, LCD_RS_PIN, LCD_D4_PIN, LCD_D5_PIN, LCD_D6_PIN, LCD_D7_PIN);

// +++++++++++++++++++++++ PT100 +++++++++++++++++++++++
PT100 basePT100(PT100_BASE_OUTPUT_PIN, PT100_BASE_INPUT_PIN, PT100_BASE_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS, PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX, PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_VS, PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE, PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE, PT100_BASE_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE);
PT100 upPT100(PT100_UP_OUTPUT_PIN, PT100_UP_INPUT_PIN, PT100_UP_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS, PT100_UP_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX, PT100_UP_DEFAULT_VS, PT100_UP_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE, PT100_UP_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE, PT100_UP_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE);
PT100 downPT100(PT100_DOWN_OUTPUT_PIN, PT100_DOWN_INPUT_PIN, PT100_DOWN_TIME_BETWEEN_READINGS, PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_ADC_VMAX, PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_VS, PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_R1_RESISTENCE, PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_LINE_RESISTENCE, PT100_DOWN_DEFAULT_OPERATION_RESISTENCE);

// ######################### INTERRUPTS #########################
void xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep ) {
	if( newMode >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderMode = newMode;
	if( newPosition >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = newPosition;
	if( newMaxPosition >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderMaxPosition = newMaxPosition;
	if( newMinPosition >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderMinPosition = newMinPosition;
	if( newSingleStep >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderSingleStep = newSingleStep;
	if( newMultiStep >= 0 ) rotaryEncoderMultiStep = newMultiStep;
}

void isr ()  {		// Interrupt service routine is executed when a HIGH to LOW transition is detected on CLK
  repaint = true;
  refresh = true;
  unsigned long interruptTime = millis();
  
  // If interrupts come faster than [ROTARY_ENCODER_DEBOUNCE_TIME]ms, assume it's a bounce and ignore
  if ((interruptTime - lastInterruptTime) > ROTARY_ENCODER_DEBOUNCE_TIME) {
    switch(rotaryEncoderMode) {
  
      // Input of rotary encoder controling menus
      case eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu: {
        if (!digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_DT_PIN)) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + rotaryEncoderSingleStep);
        }
        else {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition - rotaryEncoderSingleStep;
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition > rotaryEncoderMaxPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMinPosition;
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition < rotaryEncoderMinPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMaxPosition;
        }
        
        break;
      }
      
      // Input of rotary encoder controling time variables
      case eRotaryEncoderMode_Time: {
				if (!digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_DT_PIN)) {
          if(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition >= 60) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + rotaryEncoderMultiStep);
          }
          else {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + rotaryEncoderSingleStep);
          }
        }
        else {
          if(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition == rotaryEncoderMinPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + 60);
          }
          else {
            if(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition >= (60 + rotaryEncoderMultiStep)) {
              rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition - rotaryEncoderMultiStep);
            }
            else {
              rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition - rotaryEncoderSingleStep;
            }
          }
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition > rotaryEncoderMaxPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMaxPosition;
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition < rotaryEncoderMinPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMinPosition;
        }
        
        break;
      }
      
      // Input of rotary encoder controling generic integer variables within a range between rotaryEncoderMinPosition and rotaryEncoderMaxPosition
      case eRotaryEncoderMode_Generic: {
        if (!digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_DT_PIN)) {
          if ((interruptTime - lastInterruptTime) < ROTARY_ENCODER_DEBOUNCE_TIME) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + rotaryEncoderMultiStep);
          }
          else {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition + rotaryEncoderSingleStep);
          }
        }
        else {
          if ((interruptTime - lastInterruptTime) < ROTARY_ENCODER_DEBOUNCE_TIME) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition - rotaryEncoderMultiStep);
          }
          else {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition - rotaryEncoderSingleStep);
          }
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition > rotaryEncoderMaxPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMaxPosition;
        }
        if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition < rotaryEncoderMinPosition) {
            rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = rotaryEncoderMinPosition;
        }
       
        break;
      }
      default: {
        
      }
    }
  }
  
  lastInterruptTime = interruptTime;
}

// ######################### START #########################
void xSafeHardwarePowerOff() {
//  analogWrite(MIXER_PIN, 0);				// Turn mixer OFF for safety
  digitalWrite(HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN, LOW);	// Turn heading element OFF for safety
	//basePT100.xSafeHardwarePowerOff();									// Turn temperature sensor OFF for safety
}

void displayWelcome() {
  lcdPrint("  Let's start", "    Brewing!");		// Write welcome
  delay(SETTING_WELCOME_TIMEOUT);			// pause for effect
}

void setup() {
	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Rotary Encoder ++++++++++++++++++++++++
  pinMode		(ROTARY_ENCODER_CLK_PIN,INPUT);
  pinMode		(ROTARY_ENCODER_DT_PIN, INPUT);
  pinMode		(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN, INPUT);
  attachInterrupt	(ROTARY_ENCODER_INTERRUPT_NUMBER, isr, FALLING);

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Heating Element Relay ++++++++++++++++++++++++
  pinMode		(HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN, OUTPUT);
  digitalWrite		(HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN, LOW);
  windowStartTime = 	millis();
	dWattPerPulse = HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_WATTAGE / HEATING_ELEMENT_AC_FREQUENCY_HZ;

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Mixer ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	//  pinMode		(MIXER_PIN, OUTPUT);
	//  analogWrite		(MIXER_PIN, 0);

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Temperature Sensor PT100 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	//basePT100.setup();
/*
  analogReference	(INTERNAL1V1);					// EXTERNAL && INTERNAL2V56 && INTERNAL1V1
  pinMode		(PT100_OUTPUT_PIN, OUTPUT);	// setup temperature sensor input pin
  digitalWrite		(PT100_OUTPUT_PIN, LOW);		// initialize sensor off
*/
	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Serial Monitor ++++++++++++++++++++++++
  Serial.begin(SETTING_SERIAL_MONITOR_BAUD_RATE);		// setup terminal baud rate
  Serial.println(SETTING_SERIAL_MONITOR_WELCOME_MESSAGE);	// print a start message to the terminal

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Library - LiquidCrystal_I2C ++++++++++++++++++++++++
  lcd.begin (LCD_HORIZONTAL_RESOLUTION,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION);		//  <<----- My LCD was 16x2
  lcd.setBacklightPin(LCD_BACKLIGHT_PIN,POSITIVE);				// Setup backlight pin
  lcd.setBacklight(HIGH);							// Switch on the backlight

	// ######################### INITIALIZE #########################
	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Rotary Encoder ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	// set operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
	xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Disabled, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ State Machine ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	presetsMenuOption 					=   ePresetsMenu_Trigo;
	maltMenuOption 							=		eMaltMenu_CastleMalting_Chteau_Pilsen_2RS;
	settingsMenuOption 					=		eSettingsMenu_PT100_Element;
	cookingStage 								=		eCookingStage_Startpoint;
	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Global Variables ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	cooking                     =   false;
  bStageFirstRun              =   true;

	clockStartTime              =   0;
	clockCounter                =   0;
	clockIgnore									=		0;
	clockStart                  =   false;
	clockEnd                    =   false;
												
	cookTime                    =   3600;
	cookTemperature             =   25;
	//cookMode                    =   quick_start;
	//cookMixerSpeed              =   120;
	cookHeatPWM                 =   5;

	startpointTime 							=   120;
	betaGlucanaseTime 					=   0;
	debranchingTime 						=   0;
	proteolyticTime 						=   0;
	betaAmylaseTime 						=   3600;
	alphaAmylaseTime 						=   1800;
	mashoutTime 								=   300;
	recirculationTime 					=   1200;
	spargeTime 									=   1200;
	boilTime 										=   5400;
	coolingTime 								=   120;

	startpointTemperature 			=   45;
	betaGlucanaseTemperature 		=   40;
	debranchingTemperature 			=   40;
	proteolyticTemperature 			=   50;
	betaAmylaseTemperature 			=   60;
	alphaAmylaseTemperature 		=   70;
	mashoutTemperature 					=   80;
	recirculationTemperature 		=   80;
	spargeTemperature 					=   80;
	boilTemperature 						=   100;
	coolingTemperature 					=   25;

	refresh                     =   true;
	repaint                     =   true;

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ Interrupts ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	lastInterruptTime 					= 	0;

	// ++++++++++++++++++++++++ PID  ++++++++++++++++++++++++
	iWindowSize 									= 	HEATING_ELEMENT_DEFAULT_WINDOW_SIZE;		// Time frame to operate in

// ######################### Code - Run Once #########################
  xSafeHardwarePowerOff();
  displayWelcome();
	
	xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_GO, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
}

// ######################### START #########################

void loop() {
  unsigned long inactivityTime = millis() - lastInterruptTime;

  if(inactivityTime > SETTING_MAX_INACTIVITY_TIME) {		// Inactivity check
    if(refresh) {
      repaint = true;
      refresh = false;
    }
    displayStatus();
  }
  else {
    displayMainMenu();
  }
  
  operateMachine();
}

void xPaintStatusTemplate() {
	// Clear LCD
	lcd.clear();      	

	// Position the cursor at the begining of where the temperature template goes onto the screen
	lcd.home();		

	// Print the target and measured temperature template
	if(cooking) {
		lcd.print("ON : 000*C/000*C");
	}
	else {
		lcd.print("OFF: 000*C/000*C");
	}

	// Position the cursor at the begining of where the mode and time template goes onto the screen
	lcd.setCursor (0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);

	lcd.print("****       00:00");
}

void displayStatus() {

  // Check whether a template repaint is required
  if(repaint) {
		// Repaint the LCD template
		xPaintStatusTemplate();
    
    // Reset the repaint flag after the repaint has been done
    repaint = false;
  }
  
  // Print positions with no numbers, before the measured temperature value
  lcd.setCursor (3,0);
  if (basePT100.getCurrentTemperature() < 10) {
    lcd.print("  ");
  }
  else {
    if (basePT100.getCurrentTemperature() < 100) {
      lcd.print(" ");
    }
  }

  // Print measured temperature value onto the LCD
  lcd.print(basePT100.getCurrentTemperature(), 1);

  // Print positions with no numbers, before the target temperature value
  lcd.setCursor (11,0);
  if (cookTemperature < 10) {
    lcd.print("  ");
  }
  else {
    if (cookTemperature < 100) {
      lcd.print(" ");
    }
  }

  // Print target temperature value onto the LCD
  lcd.print(cookTemperature);
  
  // Calculate the numbers on the timer clock
  int minutes = (clockCounter - clockIgnore) / 60;
  int seconds = (clockCounter - clockIgnore) - minutes * 60;

  // Position the cursor at the begining of where the timer goes onto the screen
  lcd.setCursor (10, 1);
  
  // Print the timer values onto the LCD
  if (minutes < 10) {
    lcd.print(" 0");
  }
  else {
    if (minutes < 100) {
      lcd.print(" ");
    }
  }
  lcd.print(minutes);
  lcd.print(":");
  if(seconds<10) {
    lcd.print("0");
  }
  lcd.print(seconds);
}

void displayMainMenu() {
  switch(menu_position[0]) {
    case eMainMenu_GO: {
      MainMenu_GO();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_GO, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Presets: {
      MainMenu_Presets();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Presets, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Malt: {
      MainMenu_Malt();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Malt, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Startpoint: {
      MainMenu_Startpoint();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Startpoint, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_BetaGlucanase: {
      MainMenu_BetaGlucanase();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_BetaGlucanase, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Debranching: {
      MainMenu_Debranching();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Settings, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Proteolytic: {
      MainMenu_Proteolytic();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Proteolytic, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_BetaAmylase: {
      MainMenu_BetaAmylase();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_BetaAmylase, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_AlphaAmylase: {
      MainMenu_AlphaAmylase();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_AlphaAmylase, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Mashout: {
      MainMenu_Mashout();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Mashout, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Recirculation: {
      MainMenu_Recirculation();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Recirculation, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Sparge: {
      MainMenu_Sparge();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Sparge, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Boil: {
      MainMenu_Boil();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Boil, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Hops: {
      MainMenu_Hops();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Hops, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Cooling: {
      MainMenu_Cooling();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
			
			// reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
			xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Cooling, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Settings: {
      MainMenu_Settings();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
      
      // reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
      xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Settings, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    case eMainMenu_Back: {
      MainMenu_Back();
      
      menu_position[0] = -1;
      
      // reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
      xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_Settings, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
      
      break;
    }
    default: {
      if(repaint) {

        // display menu
        lcd.clear();
        lcd.home (); // go home
        lcd.print("Brewery Menu");
        
        switch(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition) {
          case eMainMenu_GO: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> GO           ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Presets: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Presets      ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Malt: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Malt         ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Startpoint: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Startpoint   ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_BetaGlucanase: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> BetaGlucanase");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Debranching: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Debranching  ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Proteolytic: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Proteolytic  ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_BetaAmylase: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Beta Amylase ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_AlphaAmylase: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Alpha Amylase");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Mashout: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Mashout      ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Recirculation: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Recirculation");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Sparge: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Sparge       ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Boil: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Boil         ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Hops: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Hops         ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Cooling: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Cooling      ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Settings: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Settings     ");
            break;
          }
          case eMainMenu_Back: {
            lcd.setCursor (0,1);        // go to start of 2nd line
            lcd.print("-> Back         ");
            break;
          }
          default: {
            // reset operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
						xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Menu, eMainMenu_GO, MENU_SIZE_MAIN_MENU - 1, 0, 1, 1 );
          } 
        }
        
        repaint = false;
      }
      
      if ((digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN))) {		// check if pushbutton is pressed
        menu_position[0] = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
        while (digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN)) {}		// wait til switch is released
        delay(10);                      			// debounce
        break;
      }
    } 
  }
}

void MainMenu_GO() {
	startBrewing();

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Presets() {

  backToStatus();
	
}

void MainMenu_Malt() {

  backToStatus();
	
}

void MainMenu_Startpoint() {
	startpointTime = getTimer( startpointTime );
	
	startpointTemperature = xSetGenericValue( startpointTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_BetaGlucanase() {
	betaGlucanaseTime = getTimer( betaGlucanaseTime );
	
	betaGlucanaseTemperature = xSetGenericValue( betaGlucanaseTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Debranching() {
	debranchingTime = getTimer( debranchingTime );
	
	debranchingTemperature = xSetGenericValue( debranchingTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Proteolytic() {
	proteolyticTime = getTimer( proteolyticTime );
	
	proteolyticTemperature = xSetGenericValue( proteolyticTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_BetaAmylase() {
	betaAmylaseTime = getTimer( betaAmylaseTime );
	
	betaAmylaseTemperature = xSetGenericValue( betaAmylaseTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_AlphaAmylase() {
	alphaAmylaseTime = getTimer( alphaAmylaseTime );
	
	alphaAmylaseTemperature = xSetGenericValue( alphaAmylaseTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Mashout() {
	mashoutTime = getTimer( mashoutTime );
	
	mashoutTemperature = xSetGenericValue( mashoutTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Recirculation() {
	recirculationTime = getTimer( recirculationTime );
	
	recirculationTemperature = xSetGenericValue( recirculationTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Sparge() {
	spargeTime = getTimer( spargeTime );
	
	spargeTemperature = xSetGenericValue( spargeTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Boil() {
	boilTime = getTimer( boilTime );
	
	boilTemperature = xSetGenericValue( boilTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Hops() {

  backToStatus();
	
}

void MainMenu_Cooling() {
	coolingTime = getTimer( coolingTime );
	
	coolingTemperature = xSetGenericValue( coolingTemperature, 0, 120, "temperature", "*C" );

  backToStatus();
}

void MainMenu_Settings() {

  backToStatus();
  
}

void MainMenu_Back() {
  backToStatus();
}

void xCountTheTime( int temperatureRange ) {
	// Check if the machine is in the right temperature range, for the current mode,
	if(!(basePT100.getCurrentTemperature() > (cookTemperature - temperatureRange) && basePT100.getCurrentTemperature() < (cookTemperature + temperatureRange))) {
		clockIgnore += millis() - clockStartTime - clockCounter;
	}
	
	// Calculate the remaining time on the clock
	clockCounter = cookTime - ((millis() - clockStartTime - clockIgnore) / 1000);
}

bool isTimeLeft() {
	if( clockCounter >= cookTime ) {
		return false;
	}
	return true;
}

double ulWattToWindowTime( double ulAppliedWatts ) {
  double ulPulsesRequired = ulAppliedWatts / dWattPerPulse;
	return (double)iWindowSize / 1000.0 * ulPulsesRequired;
}

bool xRegulateTemperature() {
	double difference = basePT100.getCurrentTemperature() - cookTemperature;
	bool overTemperature = false;
	double wattage = 0.0;
	
	// Deviation between the cook temperature set and the cook temperature measured
	if( difference < 0.0 ) {
		difference = difference * (-1.0);
		overTemperature = true;
	}
	
	// Calculate applied wattage, based on the distance from the target temperature
	if( overTemperature ) {
		// turn it off
		wattage = 0.0;
	} else {
		if(difference <= 1) {
			// turn it off
			wattage = 0.0;
		} else {
			if(difference <= 3) {
				// pulse lightly at 500 watt
				wattage = 500.0;
			} else {
				if(difference <= 6) {
					// pulse moderately at 1000 watt
					wattage = 1000.0;
				} else {
					if(difference <= 9) {
						// pulse hardly at 2000 watt
					wattage = 2000.0;
					} else {
						//pulse constantly at HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_WATTAGE watt
						wattage = HEATING_ELEMENT_MAX_WATTAGE;
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	
	// Update the recorded time for the begining of the window, if the previous window has passed
  while((millis() - windowStartTime) > iWindowSize) { // Check if it's time to vary the pulse width modulation and if so do it by shifting the "Relay in ON" Window
    windowStartTime += iWindowSize;
  }
	
	// Apply wattage to the element at the right time
	if( ulWattToWindowTime( wattage ) > (millis() - windowStartTime)) {
		digitalWrite(HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN,HIGH);
	} else {
		digitalWrite(HEATING_ELEMENT_OUTPUT_PIN,LOW);
	}
}

void xWarnClockEnded() {
  /// TODO
}

void xStageFirstRun( int stageTime, int stageTemperature ) {
	// Set the clock
	cookTime = stageTime;
	
	// Set the target temperature
	cookTemperature = stageTemperature;
	
	// Reset the clock
	clockStartTime = millis();
	clockIgnore = 0;
}

void xTransitionIntoStage_GlobalVariables(eCookingStages nextStage) {
	// Reset global stage variables
	bStageFirstRun = true;
	cookingStage = nextStage;
}

void xTransitionIntoStage(eCookingStages nextStage) {
	
	// Turn off all hardware that can damage itself if the machine is not cooking
	xSafeHardwarePowerOff();		
	
	// Warn the user a stage has ended
	xWarnClockEnded();
	
	// Reset global stage variables
	xTransitionIntoStage_GlobalVariables( nextStage );
}

void xBasicStageOperation( int iStageTime, int iStageTemperature, int iStageTemperatureRange, eCookingStages nextStage ) {
	if(bStageFirstRun) {
		// Don't run this again
		bStageFirstRun = false;
		
		// When the stage should be skipped
		if( iStageTime == 0) {
			// Continue to the next stage
			xTransitionIntoStage_GlobalVariables( nextStage );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this stage
			return;
		} else {
			// Set the clock, target temperature and Reset the clock
			xStageFirstRun( iStageTime, iStageTemperature );
		}
	} else {
		// Account for time spent at the target temperature | Input 1: range in ºC within which the target temperature is considered to be reached
		xCountTheTime( iStageTemperatureRange );
		
		if( isTimeLeft() ) {
			// Do temperature control
			xRegulateTemperature();
			
		} else {
			// Continue to the next stage
			xTransitionIntoStage( nextStage );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this stage
			return;
		}
	}
	// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
	return;
}

void xWarnCookEnded() {
  /// TODO
}

void operateMachine() {

  // Measure temperature, for effect
  basePT100.measure();
	upPT100.measure();
	downPT100.measure();

  // If cooking is done, return (this is a nice place to double check safety and ensure the cooking parts aren't on.
  if(!cooking) {
	  xSafeHardwarePowerOff();
		
    return;
  }
	
	// Operate the machine according to the current mode
	switch(cookingStage) {
		case eCookingStage_Startpoint: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( startpointTime, startpointTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_BetaGlucanase );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_BetaGlucanase: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( betaGlucanaseTime, betaGlucanaseTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Debranching );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Debranching: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( debranchingTime, debranchingTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Proteolytic );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Proteolytic: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( proteolyticTime, proteolyticTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_BetaAmylase );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_BetaAmylase: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( betaAmylaseTime, betaAmylaseTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_AlphaAmylase );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_AlphaAmylase: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( alphaAmylaseTime, alphaAmylaseTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Mashout );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Mashout: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( mashoutTime, mashoutTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Recirculation );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Recirculation: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( recirculationTime, recirculationTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Sparge );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Sparge: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( spargeTime, spargeTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Boil );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Boil: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( boilTime, boilTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Cooling );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		case eCookingStage_Cooling: {
			// A basic operation for a basic stage
			xBasicStageOperation( coolingTime, coolingTemperature, 1, eCookingStage_Done );
			
			// There is nothing to do, in this iteration
			break;
		}
		default : {
			// Update state
			cooking = false;
			
			// Warn the user that the cooking is done
			xWarnCookEnded();
		}
	}
}

// #################################################### Helpers ##################################################################

void startBrewing() {
  cooking = true;
}

void stopBrewing() {
  cooking = false;
}

void backToStatus() {
  lastInterruptTime = millis() - SETTING_MAX_INACTIVITY_TIME - 1;
}
// #################################################### Helpers ##################################################################

// #################################################### Set Variables ##################################################################
int getTimer(int init) {
	// set operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
	xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Time, init, 7200, 0, 1, 30 );

  // initialize variables
  int rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = 0;
  int minutes = 0;
  int seconds = 0;
  
  // Setup Screen
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.home();        
  lcd.print("Set Time");
  lcd.setCursor (0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
  lcd.print("      0:00");
  
  while(true) {
    // Check if pushbutton is pressed
    if ((digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN))) {	
      // Wait until switch is released
			while (digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN)) {}	
      
			// debounce
			delay(10);

			// Job is done, break the circle
      break;
    } else {
			// Don't forget to keep an eye on the cooking
			operateMachine();
		}
    
    // display current timer
    if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition != rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition) {
      rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
      minutes = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition/60;
      seconds = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition-minutes*60;
      
      lcd.setCursor (0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
      lcd.print("      ");
      lcd.print(minutes);
      lcd.print(":");
      if(seconds<10) {
        lcd.print("0");
      }
      lcd.print(seconds);
      lcd.println("                ");
    }
  }
  
  return rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
}

int getTemperature(int init) {
  
  // set operation state
  rotaryEncoderMode = eRotaryEncoderMode_Generic;
  rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition = init;  

  // initialize variables
  int rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = 0;
  
  // Setup Screen
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.home();        
  lcd.print("Set Temperature");
  lcd.setCursor (0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
  lcd.print("       0 *C");
  
  rotaryEncoderMaxPosition = TEMPERATURE_SETTING_MAX_VALUE;
  
  while(true) {
    // Check if pushbutton is pressed
    if ((digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN))) {	
      // Wait until switch is released
			while (digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN)) {}	
      
			// debounce
			delay(10);

			// Job is done, break the circle
      break;
    } else {
			// Don't forget to keep an eye on the cooking
			operateMachine();
		}
    
    // display current timer
    if (rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition != rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition) {
      rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
      
      lcd.setCursor (0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
      lcd.print("     ");
      if(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition<10) {
        lcd.print("  ");
      }
      else {
        if(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition<100) {
          lcd.print(" ");
        }
      }
      lcd.print(rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition);
      lcd.print(" *C");
      lcd.println("                ");
    }
  }
  
  return rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
}

int xSetGenericValue(int init, int min, int max, char *valueName, char *unit) {	
	// set operation state | INPUT : eRotaryEncoderMode newMode, int newPosition, int newMaxPosition, int newMinPosition, int newSingleStep, int newMultiStep
	xSetupRotaryEncoder( eRotaryEncoderMode_Generic, init, max, min, 1, 5 );

  // initialize variables
  int rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = 0;
  
  // Setup Screen
  lcd.clear();
  lcd.home();
  lcd.print( "Set " );
  lcd.print( valueName );
  lcd.setCursor ( 0 , LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION - 1 );
  lcd.print( "       0 " );
	lcd.print( unit );
  
  rotaryEncoderMaxPosition = TEMPERATURE_SETTING_MAX_VALUE;
  
  while(true) {
    // Check if pushbutton is pressed
    if ( digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN) ) {
      // Wait until switch is released
			while ( digitalRead(ROTARY_ENCODER_SW_PIN) ) {}	
      
			// debounce
			delay( 10 );

			// Job is done, break the circle
      break;
    } else {
			// Don't forget to keep an eye on the cooking
			operateMachine();
		}
    
    // Check if there was an update by the rotary encoder
    if( rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition != rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition ) {
      rotaryEncoderPreviousPosition = rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
      
      lcd.setCursor( 0, LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION - 1 );
      lcd.print( "     " );
      if( rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition < 10 ) {
        lcd.print( "  " );
      }
      else {
        if( rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition < 100 ) {
          lcd.print( " " );
        }
      }
      lcd.print( rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition );
      lcd.print( " *C" );
      lcd.println( "                " );
    }
  }
  
  return rotaryEncoderVirtualPosition;
}

// ###################### Set Variables ##################################################

void lcdPrint(String title, String message) {
  int messageLength = message.length();
  
  lcd.clear();
    
  // print title
  lcd.home();
  lcd.print(title);
    
  // print message
  if(messageLength <= LCD_HORIZONTAL_RESOLUTION) {
    lcd.setCursor(0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
    lcd.print(message);
    delay(1000);
  }
  // print scrolling message
  else {
    String output_message = "                ";
    output_message += message;
    messageLength = output_message.length();
    
    // Adjust the message size for proper printing
    if ( messageLength & 1 == 1 ) {
      output_message+=" ";
      messageLength+=2;
    }
    
    // print scrolling message
    for (int cursor = 0; cursor < messageLength - LCD_HORIZONTAL_RESOLUTION; cursor+=2) {
      lcd.setCursor(0,LCD_VERTICAL_RESOLUTION-1);
      lcd.print(output_message.substring(cursor, cursor+16));
      delay(500);
    }
  }
}